SQL Server supports below data types. I won’t go in detail of each data types. Please refer to SQL Server documentation if needed.

Exact Numeric
- numeric
- decimal
- bit
- bigint
- int
- smallint
- tinyint
- money
- smallmoney
Approximate Numeric
- float
- real
Date and Time
- date
- time
- datetime
- datetime2
- smalldatetime
- datetimeoffset
Character Strings
- char
- varchar
- text
Unicode Character Strings
- nchar
- nvarchar
- ntext
Binary Strings
- binary
- varbinary
- image
Other data types
- cursor
- rowversion
- hierarchyid
- uniqueidentifier
- sql_variant
- xml
- Spatial Geometry Types
- Spatial Geography Types
- table
Please Note: Based on storage characteristics, some of the data types from above are categorized as:
- Large value data types: varchar(max), and nvarchar(max)
- Large object data types: text, ntext, image, varbinary(max), and xml